Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. (Agnimantha): A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Background: Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f., known in Ayurveda as Agnimantha, is a perennial shrub widely used in traditional Indian medicine. Belonging to the Lamiaceae family, it holds a vital role in polyherbal formulations such as Dashamoola. Despite its long-standing use in ethnomedicine, an integrative synthesis of its botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological, ecological, and conservation-related aspects is lacking in scientific literature. Results: Phytochemical investigations of C. phlomidis have identified diverse bioactive constituents including flavonoids (scutellarein, pectolinarin), terpenoids (clerodin), sterols (β-sitosterol, clerosterol), and phenolic acids. Pharmacological studies report significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anthelmintic activities, validated through rodent models and in vitro assays. The extracts notably inhibited cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 and exhibited radical-scavenging activity (DPPH IC₅₀ ~141 μg/mL). Toxicological evaluations suggest a favorable safety profile at conventional doses, though high doses may cause mild hematological changes. Additionally, the species supports pollinator biodiversity and contributes to ecological resilience in arid regions. Discussion: The therapeutic efficacy of C. phlomidis appears to stem from its complex phytochemical matrix that influences multiple biological pathways, particularly those associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and glucose metabolism. Its efficacy in managing inflammatory and metabolic disorders aligns with traditional applications in Ayurveda. However, gaps remain in elucidating exact molecular mechanisms, identifying active lead compounds, and establishing pharmacokinetics. The ecological adaptability and ease of propagation offer strong potential for sustainable cultivation, reducing pressure on wild populations. Conclusion: C. phlomidis represents a pharmaceutically and ecologically valuable species with validated antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic-modulating properties. While preclinical evidence is promising, further studies, particularly clinical trials and mechanism-based evaluations, are essential to translate traditional knowledge into standardized phytopharmaceutical applications. Its conservation through sustainable harvesting and agroforestry integration can preserve both medicinal heritage and ecosystem stability.